Role of Gut Bacteria in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risks Due to High Na+ and Low K+ Diet
High-sodium and low-potassium (HNaLK) content in Western diets increases the risks of cardiovascular dis-ease and metabolic syndrome. We investigated if the dietary minerals interact with gut bacteria to modulate circulating lipids and/or biogenic amines, which are implicated in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Us-ing metabolomic approaches, the effects of gut bacteria depletion (via antibiotic treatment) and HNaLK intake on circulating levels of lipids and biogenic amines were examined in rats. Significant interactions were ob-served between antibiotic treatment and the HNaLK diet in altering circulating lipids, mainly triglycerides (TGs). Two distinct TG groups differentially regulated by antibiotic treatment were identified. One group (cluster 1), representing the majority of TG species detected, was downregulated, whereas the other group (cluster 2) was upregulated by antibiotic treatment. Interestingly, cluster 2 TGs were also regulated (i.e., down-regulated) by the HNaLK diet. Cluster 2 TGs exhibited greater carbon-chain length and double-bond content and included TGs composed of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, previously shown to be associat-ed with reduced diabetes risk. We also found a number of plasma biogenic amines altered both by gut bacte-ria depletion and HNaLK intake, suggesting possible interactions of the diet and gut bacteria in the modula-tion of these metabolites. The diet effects were observed with significant changes in specific gut bacterial taxa. In conclusion, the HNaLK diet interacts with gut bacteria to alter circulating levels of lipids and biogenic amines, which may be related to its health effects.
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